![]() However, overall, summarization systems have been found to be effective in reducing the amount of text that readers need to read to get an understanding of the main points of a document. The effectiveness of a summarization system depends on several factors, such as the type of text, the summarization algorithm used, and the user's preferences. Abstraction-based summarizers extract sentences that are representative of some selected portion of the full text, while extraction-based summarizers identify a set of key sentences that are most relevant to the topic of the document. Summarization systems can be categorized based on whether they produce their summaries by extracting or abstracting information from the full texts. Some automatic summarization systems use a language model to capture the meaning of sentences and a grammatical model to ensure that they are syntactically correct there are also hybrid approaches that combine both language models and grammar models.Ī trend in recent research has been towards using natural language processing (NLP) techniques for automated summarization of text in order to capture both the meaning and the style of the original document. ![]() Some automatic summarization systems produce summaries that are grammatically correct, while others tend to produce fragments of the original texts with some inserted sentences to help convey the main points. Other systems use abstracts, key sentences or other summary-like structures when the full text is not available. Some systems for automatic summarization use full text in order to identify important sentences. The application of summarization systems is extensive, such as: helping the reader to get a quick understanding of an article, saving time for analysts and researchers in their information-gathering process, reducing the amount of written text that students need to read and understand (in educational contexts), and even increasing efficiency and productivity in business settings. A summarization system should give the reader most of the information present in the original document while also ensuring that no information has been lost during condensation. Hash functions are also used by many operating systems to encrypt passwords.Summarization is a process of automatically condensing and rewriting a large chunk of text to create a small, crisp summary. A fixed-length hash value is computed as per the plain text that makes it impossible for the contents of the plain text to be recovered. Hash Functions: No key is used in this algorithm. The public key is used for encryption and for decryption private key is used. Public key may be freely distributed, while its paired private key, remains a secret. In Public-Key Cryptography two related keys (public and private key) are used. Public-Key Cryptography: This is the most revolutionary concept in the last 300-400 years. On the other side the receiver applies the same key to decrypt the message and recover the plain text. The sender uses this key to encrypt plaintext and send the cipher text to the receiver. Symmetric-key Cryptography: Both the sender and receiver share a single key. Three types of cryptographic techniques used in general. Non-repudiation - Sender cannot deny his/her intentions in the transmission of the information at a later stageĪuthentication - Sender and receiver can confirm eachĬryptography is used in many applications like banking transactions cards, computer passwords, and e- commerce transactions. Integrity - Information cannot be altered. Cryptography not only protects data from theft or alteration, but can also be used for user authentication.ĭescription: Earlier cryptography was effectively synonymous with encryption but nowadays cryptography is mainly based on mathematical theory and computer science practice.Ĭonfidentiality - Information cannot be understood by anyone It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it. Definition: Cryptography is associated with the process of converting ordinary plain text into unintelligible text and vice-versa.
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